This study examined carbon emissions in Türkiye for the period 1991–2020, analyzing the decisive effects of economic growth, agriculture, and energy policies on environmental sustainability. The study used the ARDL bounds test approach to determine the short- and long-term effects of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fertilizer consumption, and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions.
The findings are summarized as follows:
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In the long term, increases in GDP and fertilizer consumption increase carbon emissions, while renewable energy consumption decreases them.
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Similar results were obtained in the short term; economic growth and fertilizer consumption increase emissions, while the decreasing effect of renewable energy use is statistically significant.
The results of the study indicate that strengthening the current policy framework is essential for Türkiye to achieve its sustainable development goals. In this context, the following are:
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Managing fertilizer use with more efficient methods,
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Structuring economic growth strategies with environmental awareness,
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Accelerating the transition to renewable energy sources,
are prioritized policy areas in combating climate change.
The study highlights that adopting multidimensional and holistic approaches to reducing carbon emissions is critical not only for environmental sustainability but also for ensuring long-term economic prosperity.
