Resilience
Resilience was studied in many areas like ecology, economy, engieenering and psychology in different but connected ways (Graber, Pichon and Carabine,2015). Resilience is adjusting changes in life conditions and ability to recover after negative life events (Tugade,Fredrickson and Barret, 2004). The concept was first mentioned by Garmezy in 1973 (Ponis and Koronis, 2012). Since 1973 there has been many study about it in international literature. However, it’s became visible only after 2000s in Turkey (Temel, 2017).
It’s a concept that occurs along developmental processes and it adjust with time and conditions. Because it’s a developmental phase, it’s foundations establish in childhood that way it results with functioanality in adulthood (Graber, Pichon and Carabine,2015).
When resilience is discussed, there are two factors to consider which are protective factors and risk factors. The negative events occured in early years of life may affect resilience in later years. These risk factors are; poverty, natural disasters, parents with psychopathology, divorce and abuse. The protective factors has three main components. First is individual characteristics like having a loveable and compatible temperament, self-efficacy, self-confidence, higher intellectual level. Second is inner-family factors which are sufficient socio-economic level, close parent-child bonds and the good qualities of parents (Karaırmak,2006). The last factor is out of family factor and consists of going a decent school and having adequate social life and having close relationship with people out of family (Masten and Coatsworth,1998).
Developmental Stages
Between birth and adulthood, children and adults experience changes consistently, and they have little control on this. Developmental processes and life stages leave traces on children and adolescents. Young people experience numerous changes in physical, emotional and inttellectual areas. They start to shape their social environment by bonding their parents and they continue with attending kindergarten, school, sports team and spritual communities (Karankin and Khanlaou,2007).
Children and adolescents who are resilient, become skilled at various misions they get through birth to adulthood. They establish strong bond with thier caregiver, talk, develop self-control, and follow instructions between infantile and pre school age.In their childhood they adapt school, get along with their clasmates. Then, they behave in a way that showing their acceptance of rules, expectations and laws of society (Karankin and Khanlaou,2007).
Adolescence may be especially hard for young people. They get through physical cahnges. Then, they start to work in part-time jobs while their education continues which results taking adult responsibilities. Healthy and resilient teenagers overcome this difficulties. They can cope with intense emotions like love, denial and sexual desire and pressures like consuming alcohol and drugs. All of this experiences make them healthy individuals who can handle difficulties (Karankin and Khanlaou,2007).
Lots of children and teenagers may have to adapt additional stressors. Some may born with difficulties in hearing, seeing or learning. Others may have low-income family or their parents may be drug addicts or they may live in dangerous neigbourhoods (Karankin and Khanlaou,2007).
Parents, teachers and other supporters may help children in passing one developmental stage to another. They can help by knowing normal development and not hoping too much or too little from kids neigbourhoods (Karankin and Khanlaou,2007).
Research Assistant
Fatma Betül Yılmaz
References
Graber, R., Pichon, F., & Carabine, E. (2015). Psychological resilience.
London: Overseas Development Institute.
Karairmak, Ö. (2006). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler.
Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi,
3(26), 129-142.
Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children.
American psychologist,
53(2), 205.
Ponis, S. T., & Koronis, E. (2012). Supply Chain Resilience: Definition Of Concept And Its Formative Elements. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 28(5), 921. doi:10.19030/jabr.v28i5.7234
Temel, A.(2017).
Yetiştirme Yurtlarında Kalan Ergenlerle Ailesi ile Birlikte Yaşayan Ergenlerde Topluluk Hissi vePsikolojik Sağlamlık (yüksek lisans tezi).Nişantaşı Üniversitesi,İstanbul.
Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L. and Feldman Barrett, L. (2004), Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health.
Journal of Personality, 72: 1161-1190. doi:
10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
